Table of Contents
Introduction to Badlands National Park
Welcome to a land of rugged beauty, where the whispers of the earth’s deep history are etched into every crag and canyon. This is Badlands National Park, located in the heart of South Dakota—a place where the past is painted in strata and the landscape tells a story millions of years in the making.
Brief Overview of Badlands National Park in South Dakota
The park spans an impressive 244,000 acres, offering a vista of sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles, and spires blended with the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. It’s not just a park; it’s a testament to nature’s artistry, a gallery of geology open for all to see. As visitors drive through the park’s loop road or hike among its myriad trails, they’re greeted by the stark beauty of this untamed wilderness. Badlands National Park is a must-see destination for anyone looking to explore the great outdoors. There are plenty of things to do in Badlands, from scenic hikes and camping to exploring unique geological features like the Conata Basin.
Visitors can also experience the area’s wildlife, including bison, prairie dogs, and birds of prey. For those looking for more of an adventure, guided tours are available which can take visitors through caves, up peaks, and to overlooks. If you’re looking for a scenic drive and an unforgettable experience, Custer State Park in South Dakota is the perfect destination. Travel guides recommend taking the Badlands Loop Road, which winds through the stunning Black Hills and Badlands landscapes. Along the way, you’ll see spectacular views of prairies, cliffs, buttes, and canyons – making for a memorable journey that’s sure to be a highlight of your vacation.
Importance of the Park’s Geological Formations
The geological formations of Badlands National Park are more than just scenic—they are a chronicle of time itself. With each layer of sedimentary rock, a new chapter of Earth’s history is revealed. These layers, rich in fossils, help scientists understand the shifting climates and life forms of our planet’s ancient past. The park serves as a natural laboratory for geologists and paleontologists who seek to unlock the secrets locked within these rocks.Heading out to drive the Badlands National Park Road?
Make sure to take a look at Google Maps first! With it, you can easily plan your route and estimate your travel time so that you can make the most of your trip. Plus, Google Maps can help you find the best places to stop for food and fuel along the way. Planning a road trip to the Badlands National Park? Look no further!
This guide provides you with a comprehensive itinerary to make the most out of your adventure. First, start your journey by heading to the Ben Reifel Visitor Center, where you can get acquainted with the park’s stunning landscapes. Then take a scenic drive along Sage Creek Rim Road, and be sure to stop at the overlooks for some spectacular photo ops. After that, explore the park’s diverse wildlife on one of the trails or hike up to the rim of the Badlands Wall. Lastly, don’t forget to check out some of the park’s historical sites such as The Stronghold, a historic structure built by the Lakota Sioux. With this itinerary
Teaser for the Marvels That Will Be Discussed in the Blog Post
As we embark on this journey together through the blog post, prepare to be captivated by the wonders that await. We’ll delve into the enigmatic rock formations and the stories they tell, explore the vivid tapestry of colors that adorn the park’s vast landscapes, and unearth the significance of its fossil-rich grounds. We will traverse time, exploring the ancient forces that sculpted this remarkable terrain, and uncover the vital role the Badlands play not only in ecology but in culture and research as well.
So grab your hiking boots and water bottles, and let’s set out to explore this otherworldly destination. Are you ready to discover the geological marvels of Badlands National Park? Stay tuned, as this is just the beginning of an awe-inspiring adventure.into the heart of the Badlands.
Section 2: The Unique Geological Features of Badlands National Park
Imagine walking on the surface of another planet, where the landscape is a canvas of vivid colors and surreal shapes. This is no science fiction scenario; it’s what greets you at Badlands National Park. The park is renowned for its unique geological formations, which are not only a draw for sightseers but also a treasure trove for scientific study.
Unraveling the Rock Formations and Landscapes
The park’s rock formations are a spectacle of spires, canyons, and buttes that rise sharply from the surrounding grasslands. These structures have been carved out over millions of years by water and wind erosion. The rugged beauty of these formations is undeniable, with each layer telling a story of the Earth’s past climates and environments.
As you traverse through the park, you’ll encounter towering pinnacles and sprawling badlands that give this place its name—”bad’lands’ indeed for early travelers due to the harsh terrain. Badlands National Park is a unique and fascinating place to explore. The park is known for its rugged beauty and stunning geological formations. Badlands Tours offers guided tours of the park that provide insight into its history and geology.
The tours provide an opportunity to explore the Badlands and see wildlife such as bighorn sheep, bison, and prairie dogs. With over 240,000 acres to explore, there is something for everyone to discover in the Badlands. Whether you are looking for an educational experience or just a chance to relax and take in the scenery, Badlands National Park has something to offer.
The Palette of Sedimentary Layers
One of the most striking features of Badlands National Park is the rich tapestry of colors displayed in the layered sedimentary rocks. Hues of red, orange, yellow, gray, and white paint the landscapes in broad, sweeping strokes. Each color represents different minerals and indicates various periods of deposition. For instance, the yellow and red layers contain oxidized iron compounds, while the whiter layers might indicate volcanic ash. The bands of color not only add to the park’s visual appeal but also help geologists determine the timeline of the landscape’s formation.
Fossil-Rich Deposits
Adding to the park’s allure is its wealth of fossils. The Badlands possess one of the world’s richest fossil beds. Ancient horses and rhinos once roamed here, and their remains are preserved in the park’s geologic record. These fossil deposits offer a window into an Oligocene epoch ecosystem, approximately 33 to 23 million years ago, which was a time of great change in mammalian evolution.
For paleontologists, these fossils provide critical insights into the life forms that occupied North America after the dinosaurs had become extinct. Studying these fossils helps us understand the evolution and adaptation of species over time, as well as the ancient ecosystems that existed in this region of the world.
Erosion and Formation Processes
The unique geological features of Badlands National Park are a result of ongoing erosion processes. Water and wind have played a significant role in shaping the landscape over millions of years. The park sits on top of layers of sedimentary rock, which were deposited over time in ancient seas and river systems. As water flows through these layers, it erodes the rock, creating deep canyons, gullies, and spires. Wind also plays a part, sculpting the softer rock formations and exposing new layers.
The Constantly Changing Landscape
What makes Badlands National Park even more fascinating is the fact that the landscape is constantly changing. Erosion continues to shape the land, slowly but steadily. Each rainstorm or gust of wind alters the terrain, revealing new formations and burying others. This dynamic process ensures that no two visits to the park are the same. It’s a reminder of the ever-changing nature of our planet and the forces that shape it.
Preserving the Geological Wonders
Recognizing the importance of preserving these unique geological wonders, Badlands National Park takes measures to protect and conserve its fragile ecosystem. Visitors are encouraged to stay on designated trails to avoid damaging the delicate rock formations. The park also conducts research to better understand the geological processes at work and to monitor changes in the landscape.
Badlands National Park is a geological paradise, offering visitors a glimpse into the Earth’s past and the forces that have shaped our planet. From the towering spires to the vibrant colors of the sedimentary layers, this park is a testament to the beauty and power of nature. So lace up your boots and embark on an unforgettable adventure into the heart of the Badlands.
The Formation of Badlands National Park
Peeling back the layers of time, the formation story of Badlands National Park reads like an epic geological tale. The park’s distinctive landscape, with its dramatic spires and deep canyons, didn’t appear overnight. It was sculpted by an array of natural processes that span millions of years. Let’s delve into the forces that shaped this rugged terrain and created the unique geological wonders of Badlands National Park.
The story begins around 75 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period, when North America was a very different place. At that time, the region that is now Badlands National Park was covered by a vast inland sea known as the Western Interior Seaway. This shallow sea was home to a diverse range of marine life, including ammonites, clams, and sharks.
Over time, layers of sediment built up on the seabed, consisting of sand, silt, and clay. These sediments eventually hardened and solidified into rock, forming the foundation of what is now the park. The most prominent type of rock found in the park is the Pierre Shale, which dates back to this ancient seafloor.
Around 70 million years ago, the Western Interior Seaway began to recede, and the area turned into a floodplain. Rivers and streams carried eroded sediments from nearby mountains, depositing them on top of the existing layers of rock. These new sediments were coarser and more resistant to erosion, forming harder rock formations known as caprock.
The caprock acted as a protective layer, shielding the softer underlying sediments from erosion. Over time, as the landscape gradually uplifted, the forces of water and wind began to shape the land. Water carved deep canyons and gullies into the softer sediments, exposing the layers of rock beneath. Wind erosion sculpted the sedimentary rock into the unique spires and pinnacles that we see today.
This ongoing erosion process continues to shape the landscape of Badlands National Park. Each rainstorm and gust of wind further carves and sculpts the land, uncovering new formations and burying others. It is a constantly changing environment, a testament to the power of natural forces and the dynamic nature of our planet.
Recognizing the significance of this geological wonder, Badlands National Park takes measures to preserve and protect its fragile ecosystem. Visitors are encouraged to stay on designated trails to minimize damage to the delicate rock formations. The park also conducts research to gain a better understanding of the geological processes at work and to monitor changes in the landscape.
The formation of Badlands National Park is a captivating tale of ancient seas, shifting landscapes, and ongoing erosion. This unique geological wonder offers a glimpse into the Earth’s past and helps us understand the evolution of species and the ancient ecosystems that once existed in this region.
Geological Processes at Work
Understanding the park’s formation begins with a look at the dynamic forces of erosion, deposition, and uplift. Over time, layers of sediment were deposited by rivers and seas that once covered the area. These layers of rock and sediment built up, telling a story of different environments as they changed over eons. But it is erosion, the gradual wearing away of Earth by water, wind, and ice, that has revealed the beauty we see today. This relentless force has carved out the rock, creating the park’s iconic pinnacles and gorges. Erosion is still at work, meaning that Badlands National Park is a constantly changing landscape that continues to evolve.
Rainstorms and gusts of wind play a crucial role in the ongoing transformation of the park. The softer rock formations are sculpted by the wind, exposing new layers and creating unique shapes. Each rainstorm or gust of wind alters the terrain, revealing new formations and burying others. This constant process of erosion ensures that no two visits to the park are the same, as the landscape is always evolving.
Recognizing the importance of preserving these geological wonders, Badlands National Park takes measures to protect and conserve its fragile ecosystem. Visitors are encouraged to stay on designated trails to avoid damaging the delicate rock formations. The park also conducts research to better understand the geological processes at work and to monitor changes in the landscape.
Badlands National Park is a geological paradise that offers visitors a glimpse into the Earth’s past and the forces that have shaped our planet. The constant erosion and formation of new features make it a dynamic and ever-changing landscape. By preserving and studying this unique environment, we can gain valuable insights into the geological processes that have shaped our world.
Shaping the Landscape
The park’s dramatic features are due in large part to the interplay between erosion and deposition. While erosion sculpts the land, deposition refers to the process by which sediments, soils, and rocks are added to a landform. As these materials settle layer upon layer, they form the park’s sedimentary rock beds. Then comes the uplift, a process where tectonic movements elevate regions of the Earth’s crust.
Uplift raised these sedimentary layers, setting the stage for the elements to chisel away at them and create the Badlands’ stark and beautiful formations.. Through a combination of erosion, deposition, and uplift, the park’s landscape has been transformed into a rugged and awe-inspiring sight.
The layers of sedimentary rock in Badlands National Park hold clues to the Earth’s past. These layers were formed over millions of years, each representing a different environment and time period. By studying these layers, scientists can gain insights into past climates, ecosystems, and geological events.
Erosion plays a crucial role in shaping the park’s landscape. Water, wind, and ice slowly wear away at the rock, creating deep canyons, sharp peaks, and intricate formations. The force of erosion is still at work today, meaning that the park is constantly changing. Visitors to Badlands National Park can witness this ongoing process of transformation.
Deposition also contributes to the park’s unique features. As sediments settle layer upon layer, they form the sedimentary rock beds that are characteristic of the area. These rock beds, with their different colors and textures, add to the visual appeal of the park.
Uplift is another important geological process that has shaped the Badlands. Tectonic movements have elevated certain regions of the Earth’s crust, including the sedimentary layers in the park. This uplift created the conditions for erosion to take place and carve out the distinctive formations we see today.
Preserving the geological wonders of Badlands National Park is of utmost importance. The delicate rock formations are vulnerable to damage, so visitors are encouraged to stay on designated trails to minimize human impact. The park also conducts research to better understand the geological processes at work and monitor changes in the landscape.
Ancient History Revealed
The Badlands aren’t just about rocks; they’re a record of Earth’s ancient history. These sedimentary deposits, rich with fossilized remains, tell tales of a different world—one that was home to ancient creatures like three-toed horses and saber-toothed cats. By studying these fossils, scientists have pieced together a picture of the area’s climate and ecosystems spanning millions of years. The Badlands offer us a rare window into the past, showcasing the ever-evolving nature of our planet.and the diverse life forms that have inhabited it.
Exploring the Park
Visitors to Badlands National Park have the opportunity to witness the forces of nature at work. Hiking trails wind through the park, allowing visitors to get up close and personal with the unique rock formations and stunning vistas. Along these trails, one can observe the different layers of sedimentary rock, each representing a different period in Earth’s history.
The park also offers educational programs and guided tours, where visitors can learn about the geology, paleontology, and ecology of the area. Ranger-led talks provide insights into the park’s formation and the fascinating stories behind its geological features.
Preserving the Past
Badlands National Park is not only a place of natural beauty but also an important site for scientific research and conservation. Paleontologists continue to study the fossil record found within the park, uncovering new insights into the evolution of life on Earth. The park also plays a vital role in protecting and preserving the unique ecosystems that call it home.If you’re looking for a great travel experience, consider a trip to Badlands National Park. This national park is located in South Dakota and has some of the most stunning landscapes in the world. With miles of trails, there is something for everyone.
From experienced hikers to nature lovers, you can explore the badlands at your own pace. A day spent driving through the park’s winding roads will allow you to take in the breathtaking views and get a better understanding of the area. For those looking for a more guided experience, there are plenty of travel guides available that will help you make the most of your visit. From detailed maps to advice on where to stay, you’ll have everything you need to have an amazing experience in the Badlands.
As visitors explore the park, it is crucial to remember the importance of leaving no trace. By practicing responsible tourism, we can ensure that future generations will be able to enjoy the wonders of Badlands National Park and continue to unravel the mysteries of our planet’s past.
Section 4: The Significance of the Badlands National Parks
Badlands National Park is not just a feast for the eyes; it’s an ecological treasure trove. The park’s unique geology has created a diverse habitat that supports a wide range of plant and animal life. But what makes this landscape so critical to the ecology of the region? Exploring this section might help in locating things to do in Badlands.
Ecological Importance of the Park’s Unique Geology
The rugged terrain of Badlands National Park, with its sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles, and spires, isn’t just visually stunning; it’s a vital component of the ecosystem. The park’s geology directly influences the distribution of plant species across different areas. For instance, the sparse vegetation on the Badlands’ steep slopes provides a perfect backdrop for the hardy prairie grasses adapted to such harsh conditions.
These grasses, in turn, support the grazing bison and bighorn sheep that roam the park. The mixed-grass prairie ecosystem found here is one of the most endangered in North America, making the park’s role in conserving this landscape even more vital.
Cultural and Historical Significance: Visit Badlands National Parks
The Badlands have been a significant site for humans for thousands of years. Native American tribes, particularly the Lakota, have a deep connection with this land. To them, the Badlands are a sacred place, rich with stories and traditions. Artifacts and fossils unearthed in the park continue to offer insights into the lives of people who lived here centuries ago, adding layers of cultural depth to the park’s historical tapestry.
The stark beauty of the Badlands National Parks has also inspired countless artists and writers, drawn to its otherworldly landscapes and the sense of solitude they evoke. To visit Badlands is a great decision for a road trip especially for its scenic routes as mentioned in the travel guides by state
Scientific Research and Education
The park’s extensive fossil beds are a gold mine for paleontologists, offering a glimpse into the world as it was millions of years ago. The well-preserved remains of ancient mammals like the saber-toothed cat and the three-toed horse tell us how life on Earth has evolved over time. Moreover, the ongoing process of erosion ensures that new fossils are continually being exposed, providing fresh material for scientific discovery. This makes Badlands National Park a living laboratory, where both researchers and visitors can delve into the past and learn about the forces that shaped our planet.
Through educational programs and exhibits, the park plays a crucial role in science education. Visitors young and old can participate in fossil talks or guided walks led by park rangers, fostering a deeper appreciation for the natural world and the importance of preserving it for future generations.. By providing opportunities for hands-on learning and exploration, the park helps to inspire the next generation of scientists and conservationists.
Biodiversity Conservation
Due to its unique geology, Badlands National Park supports a wide range of plant and animal species. The diverse habitats, including grasslands, shrublands, and riparian areas, provide homes for numerous species, some of which are rare or endangered. By protecting these habitats, the park plays a crucial role in conserving biodiversity and ensuring the survival of these species.
The park is home to a variety of mammals, such as bison, pronghorn, coyotes, and black-footed ferrets. It also provides habitat for numerous bird species, including golden eagles, prairie falcons, and meadowlarks. The presence of water bodies in the park attracts a diversity of amphibians and reptiles, such as bullfrogs and western painted turtles.
Preserving the unique geology of the park is essential for maintaining the ecological balance and supporting the diverse array of plant and animal life that call it home. The erosion processes that have shaped the landscape provide important niches for certain species and contribute to the overall health and resilience of the ecosystem.
Water Regulation and Soil Conservation
The unique geology of the park also plays a role in regulating water flow and preventing erosion. The rugged terrain and deep canyons act as natural water catchments, allowing rainwater to slowly percolate into the ground and recharge underground aquifers. This helps maintain a steady water supply for plants, animals, and nearby communities.
The rock formations and sediment layers of the Badlands also play a crucial role in soil conservation. The clay-rich soils retain moisture and nutrients, promoting plant growth and preventing soil erosion. This is especially important in an area prone to frequent droughts and strong winds.
Overall, the unique geology of Badlands National Park contributes to its ecological importance in several ways. It supports a diverse range of plant and animal species, provides opportunities for scientific research and education, preserves cultural and historical significance, and plays a vital role in water regulation and soil conservation. By recognizing and protecting the value of this landscape, we can ensure its preservation for future generations.
Hiking in Badlands National Parks: Tips and Recommendations
Imagine standing atop a rugged ridge, surveying the intricate maze of canyons and spires that define Badlands National Park. Just like any road trips, to ensure your experience is as awe-inspiring as the view, it’s essential to come prepared with practical tips for navigating this otherworldly landscape.
Practical Tips for Visiting the Park
Firstly, the climate here can be extreme, with scorching summers and freezing winters. Dressing in layers will allow you to comfortably adapt to the park’s unpredictable weather. Sturdy hiking boots are a must to traverse the rough terrain safely. Bring plenty of water; dehydration is a real risk under the South Dakota sun. Don’t forget to pack sunscreen, a hat, and sunglasses to protect against the sun’s glare off the barren rock faces.
Specific Trails and Viewpoints
Badlands National Park offers a variety of trails, each promising a unique perspective on its geological marvels. For those seeking an easy walk, the Door Trail is a short 0.75-mile trek leading to a break in the Badlands Wall offering expansive views of the rugged landscape. The Notch Trail, slightly more challenging due to a log ladder and some steep drop-offs, rewards hikers with panoramic vistas. However, if you’re looking for a longer hike, the Castle Trail may be the perfect fit, spanning 10 miles round trip and showcasing the diversity of the park’s rock formations.
- Door Trail – An accessible path leading to dramatic views.
- Notch Trail – A moderate hike with rewarding vistas.
- Castle Trail – A lengthy journey through the park’s geological diversity.and panoramic views.Other popular viewpoints in the park include:
1. Big Badlands Overlook: Located along the Badlands Loop Road, this overlook provides a sweeping view of the vast and rugged landscape.
2. Pinnacles Overlook: This viewpoint offers a unique perspective of the tall, spire-like formations that give the park its name.
3. Yellow Mounds Overlook: From this overlook, visitors can see the colorful layers of sediment that make up the Yellow Mounds area of the park.
4. Fossil Exhibit Trail: This short loop trail features interpretive signs and displays of fossil replicas, allowing visitors to learn about the park’s rich paleontological history.
Wildlife Viewing Opportunities
Badlands National Park is home to a variety of wildlife species, including bison, bighorn sheep, pronghorn, coyotes, and prairie dogs. To increase your chances of spotting these animals, consider visiting during the early morning or late evening hours when they are most active. Be sure to bring binoculars or a camera with a telephoto lens for better viewing.
Cultural and Historical Sites
In addition to its geological wonders, Badlands National Park also contains important cultural and historical sites. The Ben Reifel Visitor Center provides information on the park’s natural and cultural history, as well as exhibits showcasing Native American artifacts. The Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, located just outside the park, offers tours of a former nuclear missile launch facility, providing insight into the Cold War era.
Safety Precautions
When visiting Badlands National Park, it’s important to prioritize safety. Stay on designated trails and overlooks, as venturing off-trail can be dangerous due to loose and unstable terrain. Be aware of the potential for sudden weather changes, especially thunderstorms, which can produce lightning and flash floods. Keep a safe distance from wildlife and never feed or approach them.
Badlands National Park is a captivating destination that offers unique geological formations, diverse wildlife, and rich cultural and historical significance. By following practical tips for visiting the park and respecting its natural wonders, you can fully appreciate and enjoy this remarkable landscape.
Attractions Within the Park
Aside from the trails, the park’s attractions include the Ben Reifel Visitor Center, where you can learn about the park’s geology, paleontology, and history. The Fossil Exhibit Trail is a must-visit for enthusiasts, featuring replicas and interpretive panels about the fossils found within the park. For wildlife viewing, head to the Pinnacles Overlook at dusk or dawn when animals like bighorn sheep and prairie dogs are most active. Additionally, the Yellow Mounds Overlook offers a stunning view of the colorful sediment layers in the Yellow Mounds area.
Outside of the park, the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site is worth a visit. Here, you can take a tour of a former nuclear missile launch facility and learn about the history of the Cold War era.
When visiting Badlands National Park, it’s important to prioritize safety. Stick to designated trails and overlooks as the terrain off-trail can be loose and unstable. Be aware of the potential for sudden weather changes, especially thunderstorms that can produce lightning and flash floods. Keep a safe distance from wildlife and never approach or feed them.
Badlands National Park offers a unique and captivating experience with its stunning geological formations, diverse wildlife, and rich cultural and historical significance. By following safety precautions and respecting the park’s natural wonders, visitors can fully appreciate and enjoy this remarkable landscape.
Maximizing Your Visit
To truly maximize your visit, consider joining a ranger-led program. These programs offer insights into the park’s rich tapestry of natural and cultural stories. Additionally, timing your visit during the off-peak seasons of spring or fall can result in a more solitary and intimate experience with nature. Lastly, capture the park’s beauty with your camera, but remember to stay on marked paths to preserve this delicate landscape for future generations.
By following these tips and recommendations, your journey through Badlands National Park will not only be safe and comfortable but also deeply enriching. As you explore the park’s vast wilderness, each step reveals a new chapter in Earth’s dynamic story, waiting for you to read it and appreciate its wonders. Enjoy your visit to Badlands National Park!
Conclusion and Call-to-Action
As we reach the end of our virtual journey, let’s take a moment to reflect on the geological marvels that Badlands National Park offers. This dramatic landscape, sculpted meticulously by the hands of time, stands not just as a monument to the Earth’s dynamic history but also as an open book to our planet’s past. We’ve explored the vibrant layers of sedimentary rock, each hue telling a story from a different era, and walked through the fossil beds rich with evidence of ancient life forms.
But to truly appreciate the majesty of these formations, seeing them up close is unmatched. I encourage you, dear reader, to plan your expedition to this corner of South Dakota. Whether it’s the stark beauty of the pinnacles at sunrise or the silent stories told by the fossilized remains beneath your feet, Badlands National Park is a place where the Earth’s tale is vividly alive. Imagine the thrill of standing where sea creatures once swam millions of years ago, now a rugged terrain of striking geology.
A visit to the Badlands is more than just a vacation; it’s an opportunity to connect with the natural world in a profound way. It’s where the present meets the past, where science, adventure, and awe intertwine. And when you do embark on this unforgettable adventure, remember to tread lightly, respecting the delicate balance of this remarkable ecosystem.
In the spirit of discovery and sharing the wonders of our world, I invite you to spread the word about Badlands National Park. Share this blog post with friends, family, and fellow nature enthusiasts. But don’t stop there—our planet is brimming with geological wonders, each with its own story and secrets waiting to be uncovered. Continue learning, exploring, and advocating for the protection and appreciation of these natural treasures.
So go ahead, set forth on your journey to Badlands National Park, and let the land speak to you of ages past. And when you return, enriched with memories and stories of your own, keep the flame of curiosity alive. Our Earth has endless marvels to reveal, and each discovery connects us more deeply to this place we all call home.
